This exhibit is for the person completing a dissertation, thesis, journal article or paper on African Americans with substance use disorders. Gratitude is given to historian William White, MA for compiling most of the bibliography.

Bibliography of Addiction Recovery Within African American Communities

Collated by Mark Sanders and William White

Historical Perspectives

Cheagle, R. (1969). The colored temperance movement (Unpublished thesis).  Washington, DC:  Howard University, 1969. 

Christmon, K. (1995). Historical overview of alcohol in the African American community.  Journal of Black Studies, 25(3), 318-330.

Courtwright, D. (1983). The hidden epidemic:  Opiate addiction and cocaine use in the south, 1860-1920.  Journal of Southern History, 49, 57-72.

Crowley, J. (1997). Slaves to the bottle: Gough’s autobiography and Douglass’s narrative.  In Reynolds, D. and Rosenthal, D. (Eds.). The serpent in the cup: Temperance in American literature. Amerherst, MA: University of MA Press.

Glen C. (2017).  Heroes of early black AA.  South Bend, IN: Hindsfoot Foundation.

Green, W. (1995). Dysfunctional by design:  The rebirth of cultural survivors.  Evanston, IL: Chicago Spectrum Press. 

Herd, D.  (1985). We cannot stagger to freedom:  A history of Blacks and alcohol in American politics.  In L. Brill and C. Winick, The yearbook of substance use and abuse:  Volume III.  New York, NY:  Human Sciences Press, Inc. 

Katz, W. (1990). Breaking the chains:  African-American slave resistance.  New York, NY:  Maxwell Macmillan International Publishing Group.

Larkins, J.R. (1965).  Alcohol and the Negro:  Explosive issues.  Zebulon, NC:  Recod Publishing.

Pan, L. (1975). Alcohol in colonial Africa.  New Brunswick, NJ: Helsinki: The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies. 

Sanders, M. (2002). The response of African American communities to addiction: An opportunity for treatment providers.  Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 3-4, 167-174.

White, W. & Sanders, M. (2002) Addiction and recovery among African Americans before 1900. Counselor, 3(6):64-66.

Williams, C. with Laird, R. (1992). No hiding place: Empowerment and recovery for troubled communities.  New York, NY: Harper San Francisco.

Williams, E.H. (1914). The Drug habit in the south.  Medical Record, 85, 247-249.

DRUGS AND MINORITY OPPRESSION

Recovery Autobiographies and Biographies

Douglass, F. (1855).  My bondage and my freedom.  New York, NY:  Miller, Orton, & Mulligan.

Key Scientific Studies and Professional Papers

Acevedo, A., Garnick, D.W., Lee, M.T., Horgan, M., Ritter, G., Ph, D., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., Reynolds, M. (2013). Racial/ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement. J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse, 11, 1–17. https:// doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2012.652516.Racial/Ethnic.

Achara-Abrahams, I., Evans, A. C., Ortiz, J., Lopez Villegaz, D., O’Dell, J., Ali, O., & Hawkins, D. (2012). Recovery Management and African Americans: A Report from the Field. (Special Issue: Patterns of Recovery from Substance Use Disorders in African American Communities). Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 30(3), 263-292.

Alegria, M., Carson, N. J., Goncalves, M., et al. (2011). Disparities in treatment for substance use disorders and co-occurring disorders for ethnic/racial minority youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 50(1), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.005.

Alexander, K., Reed, M. K., & Sterling, R. C. (2023). The interaction of race and age in methadone treatment retention outcomes: A single-center analysis. J Subst Use Addict Treat, 148, 209020.

Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V. & Barbieri, M. (2018). Trends in Black and White opioid mortality in the United States, 1979–2015. Epidemiology, 29(5), 707-715.

Andraka-Christou, B., Totaram, R., & Nguyen, T. D. (2022). Comprehensive analysis of discharge reasons from methadone outpatient treatment programs. Am J Addict, 31(6),  508-516.

Arndt, S., Vélez, M. B., Segre, L., & Clayton, R. (2010). Remission from substance dependence in U.S. Whites, African Americans, and Latinos. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9(4), 237-248.

Avalos, L. A. & Mulia, N. (2012). Formal and informal substance use treatment utilization and alcohol abstinence over seven years: Is the relationship different for Blacks and Whites?  Drug Alcohol Depend., 121(0), 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.018.a

Avila, J. C., Sokolovsky, A, W,, Nollen, N. L., Lee, J., Schmid, C. H., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2022). The effect of race/ethnicity and adversities on smoking cessation among U.S. adult smokers. Addict Behav, 131, 107332.

Barthwell, A.G. & Crants, M. (2017).  Women of color in Alcoholics Anonymous.  Counselor, 18(4), 43-48.

Blakey, J. M. (2012). From surviving to thriving: Understanding reunification among African American mothers with histories of addiction. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 91-102. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.006

Bluthenthal, R. N., Jacobson, J, & Robinson, P. L. (2007). Are racial disparities in alcohol treatment completion associated with racial differences in treatment modality entry? Comparison of outpatient treatment and residential treatment in Los Angeles County, 1998 to 2000. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(11), 1920-6 Follow journal DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00515.x

Bommersbach, T. J., Jegede, O., Stefanovics, E. A., Rhee, T, G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2022). Diagnostic remission of substance use disorders: Racial differences and correlates of remission in a national sample. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 136, 108659.

Bourgois, P., Martinez, A., Kral, A., Edlin, B. R., Schonberg, J., & Ciccarone, D. (2006). Reinterpreting ethnic patterns among white and African American men who inject heroin: A social science of medicine approach. PLoS Medicine, 3(10), e452. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030452

Bowser, B. P., & Bilal, R. (2001). Drug treatment effectiveness:  African-American culture in recovery. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 33(4), 391-402.

Brown, E. J., & Trujillo, T. H. (2003). “Bottoming out?” among rural African American women who use cocaine. The Journal of Rural Health, 19(4), 441-449.

Brown, J. T., Davis, M. I., Jason, L. A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2006). Stress and coping: The roles of ethnicity and gender in substance abuse recovery. Journal of Prevention & Intervention Community, 31(1-2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1300/j005v31n01_07

Buka, S. L. (2002). Disparities in health status and substance use: Ethnicity and socioeconomic factors. Public Health Reports, 117 (Suppl. 1), S118-S125.

Burlew, A. K., & Sanchez, K. (2017). Personal and contextual factors in substance abuse treatment among racial and ethnic minorities: Studies from the NIDA clinical trials network. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 16(4), 401–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15332640.2017.1409951

Caetano, R. (1993). Ethnic minority groups and Alcoholics Anonymous: A review. In B. McCrady, & W. Miller (Eds.), Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and alternatives (pp. 209-231). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.

Caldwell, F. J. (1983). Alcoholics Anonymous as a viable treatment resource for black alcoholics. In T. D. Watts, & R. Wright (Eds.), Black Alcoholism:  Toward a Comprehensive Understanding (pp. 85-99). Springfield, IL:  Charles C. Thomas. 

Chartier, K. G., & Caetano, R. (2011). Trends in alcohol services utilization from 1991–1992 to 2001–2002: Ethnic group differences in the US population. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(8), 1485–1497.

Chartier, K., Hesselbrock, M. N., & Hesselbrock, V. M. (2013). Ethnicity and gender comparisons of health consequences in adults with alcohol dependence. Substance Use & Misuse, 8(3), 200-10. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2013.74774.

Chartier, K. G., Vaeth, P. A. C., Caetano, R. (2013). Focus on: Ethnicity and the social and health harms from drinking. Alcohol Res., 35(2):229-237.

Chen, J. A., Glass, J. E., Bensley, K. M., Goldberg, S. B., Lehavot, K., & Williams, E. C. (2020). Racial/ethnic and gender differences in receipt of brief intervention among patients with unhealthy alcohol use in the US Veterans Health Administration. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 108078.

Cheney, A. M., Booth, B. M., Borders, T. F., & Curran, G. M. (2016). The role of social capital in African Americans’ attempts to reduce and quit cocaine use. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(6), 777–787. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2016.1155606

Cheney, A. M., Curran, G. M., Booth, B. M., Sullivan, S., Stewart, K., & Borders, T. F. (2014). The religious and spiritual dimensions of cutting down and stopping cocaine use: A qualitative exploration among African American women in the South. Journal of Drug Issues, 44(1), 94-113.

Collins-Henderson, M. (2012). Identity development's impact on peer-supported recovery among African American women. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 30(3), 307. doi: 10.1080/07347324.2012.690698

Cook, B. L., Alegría, M. (2011). Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status. Psychiatr Serv., 62(11), 1273–81.

Cummings, J. R., Wen, H., Druss, B. G. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in treatment for substance use disorders among U.S. adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry., 50(12), 1265-1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.006.

Cummings, J.R., Wen, H., Ko, M., Druss, B.G., 2014. Race/ethnicity and geographic access to medicaid substance use disorder treatment facilities in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3575.

De Kock, C., & Decorte, T. (2017). Exploring problem use, discrimination, ethnic identity and social networks. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 17(4), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1108/ DAT-07-2017-0030

Dogana, J., Stevens-Watkins, D., Knighton, J-S., Wheeler, P. & Hargons, C. (2021). Perceived need for drug treatment among African American male drug-using prisoners. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 120, 108166.

Durant, A. (2005). African-American alcoholics: An interpretive/ constructivist model of affiliation with alcoholics (AA). J Ethn Subst Abuse., 4(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1300/ j233v04n01_02.

Ehrmin, J. T. (2002). “That feeling of not feeling”: Numbing the pain for substance-dependent African American women. Qualitative Health Research, 12(6), 780–791. https://doi. org/10.1177/104973230201200605

Entress, R. M. (2021). The intersection of race and opioid use disorder treatment: A quantitative review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 131, 108589.

Evans, A. C., Achara-Abrahams, I., Lamb, R., & White, W. (2012). Ethnic-Specific support systems as a method for sustaining long-term addiction recovery. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 7(2-4), 171-188.

Evans, E.A., Grella, C.E., Washington, D.L., Upchurch, D.M., 2017. Gender and race/ ethnic differences in the persistence of alcohol, drug, and poly-substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend., 174, 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep. 2017.01.021.

Flückiger, C., Del Re, A.C., Horvath, A.O., Symonds, D., Ackert, M., Wampold, B.E., 2013. Substance use disorders and racial/ethnic minorities matter: a meta-analytic examination of the relation between alliance and outcome. J. Couns. Psychol., 60, 610–616. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033161.

Gallagher, J. R. (2013). African American participants’ views on racial disparities in drug court outcomes. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 13, 143-162.

Gallagher, J. R. & Norberg, A. (2016). Comparing and contrasting White and African American participants’ lived experiences in drug court. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 14, 100-119.

Gallagher, J. R. & Wahler, E. A. (2018). Racial disparities in drug court graduation rates: The role of recovery support groups and environments. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 18, 1-15.

Gao, Y. A., Drake, C., Krans, E. E., Chen, Q., & Jarlenski, M. P. (2022). Explaining racial-ethnic disparities in the receipt of medication for opioid use disorder during pregnancy. J Addict Med, 16(6), e356-e365

Gerrard, M., Stock, M. L., Roberts, M. E., Gibbons, F. X., O'Hara, R. E., Weng, C. Y., & Wills, T. A. (2012). Coping with racial discrimination: The role of substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0027711

Gibbons, F. X., Etcheverry, P. E., Stock, M. L., Gerrard, M., Weng, C. Y., Kiviniemi, M., & O'Hara, R. E. (2010). Exploring the link between racial discrimination and substance use: What mediates? What buffers? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99 (5), 785–801. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019880

Gilder, D. A., Lau, P., Corey, L., & Elders, C. L. (2008). Factors associated with remission from alcohol dependence in an American Indian community group. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9), 1172-1178.

Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerda, ´ M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2020). Association of racial/ethnic segregation with treatment capacity for opioid use disorder in counties in the United States. JAMA Network Open, 3(4), e203711. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711.

Goodyear, K., Ahluwalia, J., & Chavanne, D. (2022). The impact of race, gender, and heroin use on opioid addiction stigma. J Subst Abuse Treat, 143, 108872.

Grant, J. D., Vergés, A., Jackson, K. M., Trull, T. J., Sher, K. J., Bucholz, K. K. (2012). Age and ethnic differences in the onset, persistence and recurrence of alcohol use disorder. Addiction, 107, 756–65.

Guerrero, E.G., Garner, B.R., Cook, B., Kong, Y., (2017). Does the implementation of evidence-based and culturally competent practices reduce disparities in addiction treatment outcomes? Addict. Behav., 73, 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.006.

Guerrero, E. G., Khachikian, T., Frimpong, J. A., [...] & Hunter, S. (2019). Drivers of continued implementation of cultural competence in substance use disorder treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 105, 5-11. 

Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L.[...] & Lee, B. (2013). Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups. Health Services Research, 48(4), 1450-67. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12031

Hai, A. H., Lee, C. S., Abbas, B. T., Bo, A., Morgan, H., & Delva, J. (2021). Culturally adapted evidence-based treatments for adults with substance use problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 226. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108856

Hansen, H.B., Siegel, C.E., Case, B.G., Bertollo, D.N., DiRocco, D., Galanter, M., (2013). Variation in use of buprenorphine and methadone treatment by racial, ethnic, and income characteristics of residential social areas in New York City. J. Behav. Health Serv. Res., 40, 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3.

Hillhouse, M., Fiorentine, R. (2001). 12-step program participation and effectiveness: Do gender and ethnic differences exist? Journal of. Drug Issues, 31 (3), 767–780.

Holland, W. C., Li, F., Nath, B., Jeffery, M. M., Stevens, M., Melnick, E. R., Dziura, J. D., Khidir, H., Skains, R. M., D'Onofrio, G., & Soares, W. E. (2023). Racial and ethnic disparities in emergency department-initiated buprenorphine across five health care systems. Acad Emerg Med, 2023.

Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C-C, Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donahue, J. M. (2021). Racial inequality in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barreris to use. Drug and  Alcohol Dependence, 227, 108927.

Hudson, H. L. (1985). How and why Alcoholics Anonymous works for Blacks. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2(3-4), 11-30.

Humphreys, K., Mavis, B. E., & Stoffelmayr, B. E. (1994). Are twelve-step programs appropriate for disenfranchised groups? Evidence from a study of posttreatment mutual help involvement. Prevention in Human Services, 11(1), 165-179. doi: 10.1080/10852359409511201

Humphreys, K., & Woods, M. (1993). Researching mutual help group participation in a segregated society. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 29(2), 181-201.

Husain, J. M., Cromartie, D., Fitzelle-Jones, E., Brochier, A., Borba, C. P. C., & Montalvo, C. (2023). A qualitative analysis of barriers to opioid agonist treatment for racial/ethnic minoritized populations. J Subst Abuse Treat, 144, 108918.

Jacobson, J., Robinson, P. L., & Bluthenthal, R. (2007). Racial disparities in completion rates from publicly funded alcohol treatment: Economic resources explain more than demographics and addiction severity. Health Services Research, 42(2), 773-94. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00612.x

Jacobson, N., & Farah, D. (2012). Recovery through the lens of cultural diversity. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(4), 333–335. doi:10.2975/35.4.2012.333.335

James, K. & Jordan, A. (2018). The opioid crisis in Black communities. Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 46, 404-421.

Jones, A. A., Schneider, K. E., Tobin, K. E., O'Sullivan, D. & Latkin, C. A. (2023). Daily opioid and stimulant co-use and nonfatal overdoses in the context of social disadvantage: Findings on marginalized populations. J Subst Use Addict Treat, 208986.

Jones, L., Hardiman, E. and Carpenter, J. (2007) ‘Mental health recovery: A strengths-based approach to culturally relevant services for African Americans’, Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, 15(2), 251–69.

Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Zemore, S. E., Mulia, N., Jones-Webb, R., Bond, J., & Greenfield, T. K. (2012). Neighborhood disadvantage and adult alcohol outcomes:  Differential risk by race and gender. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(6), 865-873.

Kaskutas, L. A., Weisner, C., Lee, M., et al. (1999). Alcoholics Anonymous affiliation at treatment intake among white and black Americans. J Stud Alcohol, 60(6), 810-816.

Kitsantas, P., Aljoudi, S. M., Baker, K. M., Peppard, L., Oh, K. M. (2023). Racial/ethnic differences in medication for addiction treatment for opioid use disorders among pregnant women in treatment facilities supported by state funds. J Subst Use Addict Treat, 148,  208960.

Klein, H., Sterk, C., & Elifson, K. (2016). The prevalence of and factors associated with alcohol-related problems in a community sample of African American women. Journal of Addiction, 2016, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7513827

Krentzman, A. R., Pagano, M. E., Bradley, J. C., et al. (2012). The role of religiousness on substance-use disorder treatment outcomes: A comparison of Black and White adolescents. J Soc Social Work Res., 3(3), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2012.8.

Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T. (2019). Buprenorphine treatment divide by race/ethnicity and payment. JAMA Psychiatry, (ePub ahead of print). doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876

Lo, C. C., & Cheng, T. C. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in access to substance abuse treatment. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 22(2), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1353/ hpu.2011.0054

Lowman, C., & Fauve, C. (2003). Health disparities and the relationship between race, ethnicity, and substance abuse treatment outcomes. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(8), 1324–1326. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000080346.62012.DC

Marlowe. D. B. (2013). Achieving racial and ethnic fairness in drug courts. Court Review, 49, 40-47.

Martin, C. E., Britton, E., Shadowen, H., Bachireddy, C., Harrell, A., Zhao, X., &  Cunningham, P. (2023). Disparities in opioid use disorder-related hospital use among postpartum Virginia Medicaid members. J Subst Use Addict Treat, 145, 208935.

Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M. (2020). Anti-racism and substance use treatment: addiction does not discriminate, but do we? Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 19(4), 567–593.

McCorkel, J. (2013). Breaking women: Gender, race, and the new politics of imprisonment. New York: NYU Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfdw9

McCorkel, J. (2017). The second coming: Gender, race, and the privatization of carceral drug treatment. Contemporary Drug Problems, 44, 286–300.

McKean, J. & Warren-Gordon, K. (2011). Racial differences in graduation rates from adult drug treatment courts. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 9, 41-55.

McKim, A. (2017). Addicted to rehab: Race, gender, and drugs in the era of mass incarceration. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Mennis, J., Stahler, G.J., 2016. Racial and ethnic disparities in outpatient substance use disorder treatment episode completion for different substances. J. Subst. Abuse Treat., 63, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007.

Mennis, J., Stahler, G.J., El Magd, S.A., Baron, D.A., (2019). How long does it take to complete outpatient substance use disorder treatment? Disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites in the US. Addictive Behaviors,, 93, 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.041.

Milligan, C. O., Nich, C., & Carroll, K. M. (2004). Ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment retention, compliance, and outcome from two clinical trials. Psychiatric Services, 55(2), 167–173.

Monico, L. B., Gryczynski, J., Schwartz, R. P. Jaffe, J. H., O’Grady, K. E. & Mitchell, S. G., (2018) Treatment outcomes among a cohort of African American buprenorphine patients: Follow-up at 12 months, The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44, 6, 604-610, DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1461877

Mukku, V. K., Benson, T. G., Alam, F., Richie, W. D., & Bailey, R. K. (2012). Overview of substance use disorders and incarceration of African American males. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3, 98.

Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Greenfield, T. K., & Zemore, S. E. (2009). Disparities in alcohol-related problems among white, black, and Hispanic Americans. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(4), 654–662.

Mulia, N., Tam, T. W., Schmidt, L. A. (2014). Disparities in the use and quality of alcohol treatment services and some proposed solutions to narrow the gap. Psychiatr Serv., 65(5), 626-633. https://doi. org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300188.

Mulia, N., Zemore, S. E. (2012). Social adversity, stress, and alcohol problems: Are racial/ethnic minorities and the poor more vulnerable? J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 73(4), 570-580.

Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. (2016b). The war on drugs that wasn’t: Wasted whiteness, “dirty doctors,” and race in media coverage of prescription opioid misuse. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 40, 664.

Netherland, J. & Hansen, H. B. (2017). White opioids: Pharmaceutical race and the war on drugs that wasn’t. BioSocieties, 12(2), 217-238.

Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S. (2022). Racial and ethnic disparities in buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone filled prescriptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open, 5(6), e2214765.

Niv, N., Pham, R., & Hser, Y. I. (2009). Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse service needs, utilization, and outcomes in California. Psychiatric Services, 60(10), 1350–1356. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.10.1350.

Nyamathi, A. M., (1991). Relationship of resources to emotional distress, somatic complaints, and high-risk behaviors in drug recovery and homeless minority women. Research in Nursing & Health, 14(4), 269–277. 

Parthasarathy, S., Chi, F. W., Metz, V., Kline-Simon, A., Asyyed, A., Campbell, C. I., & Sterling, S. (2023) Disparities in the receipt of alcohol brief intervention: The intersectionality of sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Addiction.

Peavy, K.M., Garrett, S., Doyle, S., Donovan, D., 2017. A comparison of African American and Caucasian stimulant users in 12-step facilitation treatment. J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse, 16, 380–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2016.1185657.

Perron, B., Mowbray, O., Glass, J. E., … & Howard, M. O. (2009). Differences in service utilization and barriers among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites with drug use disorders. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy,4(1), 3. DOI: 10.1186/1747-597X-4-3

Pinedo, M. & Villatoro, A. P. (2020). The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 118, 108105.

Pinedo, M., Zemore, S. E., Beltran Giron, J. [...] & Castro, Y. (2020). Women’s barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment: A qualitative exploration of racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 22(4), 653-660.

Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., & Mulia, N. (2020). Black-White differences in barriers to specialty alcohol and drug treatment: Findings from a qualitative study. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1–15.

Pouille, A., De Kock, C., Vander Laenen, F. & Vanderplasschen, W. (2020). Recovery capital among migrants and ethnic minorities: A qualitative systematic review of first-person perspectives. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2, 1-31. doi: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1836698. 

Pro, G., Utter, J., Cram, J., Baldwin, J., 2020. Racial/Ethnic and gender differences in associations of medication-assisted therapy and reduced opioid use between outpatient treatment admission and discharge. J. Psychoactive Drugs, 0, 1–9. https://doi. org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1717685.

Reid, Campbell Aitken, Lorraine Bey, G. (2001). Ethnic communities’ vulnerability to involvement with illicit drugs. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 8(4), 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630110028280

Rounds-Bryant, J. L. & Staab, J. (2001). Patient characteristics and treatment outcomes for African American, Hispanic, and White adolescents in DATOS-A,” Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(6), 624-641.

Roy, A. (2013). The life narrative of a mixed-race man in recovery from addiction: A case-based psychosocial approach to researching drugs, ‘race’ and ethnicity. Journal of Social Work Practice, 27(4), 375-392.

Sahker, E., Pro, G., Sakata, M., & Furukawa, T. S. (2020). Substance use improvement depends on race/ethnicity: Outpatient treatment disparities observed in a large US national sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 213, 108087.

Sahker, E., Pro, G., Sakata, M., Poudyal, H., Jordan, A., &  Furukawa, T. S. (2022). Factors supporting substance use improvement for Black Americans: A population health observational study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 234, 109405.

Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S. (2015). Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 48, 25-29.

Saloner, B. & Cook, B. L. (2013). Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than Whites to complete addiction treatment, largely due to socioeconomic factors. Health Affairs,32, 1. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0983.

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Policy

Black, A. D. (2007). The war on people: Reframing the war on drugs by addressing racism within American drug policy through restorative justice and community collaboration. University of Louisville Law Review, 46, 177.

Brennan, P. K., & Spohn, C. (2008). Race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes among drug offenders in North Carolina. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 24(4), 371–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986208322712

Farahmand, P., Arshed, A., Bradley, M.V., (2020). Systemic racism and substance use disorders. Psychiatr. Ann. 50 (11), 494–498.

Tiger, R. (2017). Race, class, and the framing of drug epidemics. Contexts, 16, 46–51.